Being good (at driving): Characterizing behavioral expectations on automated and human driven vehicles

For over a century, researchers have wrestled with the question of how to define good driving, and the debate has recently surfaced afresh for automated vehicles (AVs). Although numerous principles and models have striven to explore the associated complexities, no framing exists to coordinate and align these concepts into a clear vision. In response, we put forth the concept of Drivership as a framing for the realization of good driving behaviors. Drivership grounds the evaluation of driving behaviors in the alignment between the mutualistic expectations that exist amongst road users. Additionally, we establish a novel vocabulary to more rigorously tackle the conversation on stakeholders’ expectations, a key feature of value-sensitive design approaches. We also detail how Drivership comprises safety-centric behaviors, but extends beyond those, to include what we here term socially-aware behaviors (where there are no clear safety stakes).